Passive voice occurs when the subject and object of an action are inverted, so the subject is the recipient of the act instead of its performer. For example:

Passive: The man was bitten by the dog.
Active: The dog bit the man.

Passive: I was told by my teacher to come at noon.
Active: My teacher told me to come at noon.

Note that the word “by” is present in these two examples. A sentence can be passive without the word “by,” but it is always at least implied. For example: “I was given bad directions [by my friend].”

Passive voice always involves a to be verb. To be verbs include am, are, been, being, is, was, were. On the other hand, remember that a sentence can include a to be verb without being passive. For example:

“I have been involved in this organization for several years.”
“He is leaving in five minutes.”

There are generally two cases when passive voice is acceptable: 1) when there is no defined or tangible subject; 2) when the emphasis really should be on the object of the action. In these cases, the alternative is often awkward and sounds less natural.

Case 1: He is called 'the great one.'"
Awkward alternative: "The general public calls him 'the great one.'"

Case 2: "For the fifth time this year, Johnson was hit by a pitch."
Awkward alternative: "For the fifth time this year, a pitch hit Johnson."

Active language comes not just from avoiding passive voice but further requires the use of strong action verbs. In addition to avoiding to be verbs, you should try to replace helping verbs such as have, had, has, do, does, did and other vague verbs like got and get.

Before: "I had opportunities to develop my skills."
After: "I sought opportunities to develop my skills."

Before: "I got the promotion through hard work."
After: "I earned the promotion through hard work."

Before: "She did well in this competitive environment."
After: "She thrived in this competitive environment."

Before: "My mother didn't want to show up without a gift."
After: "My mother hesitated to show up without a gift."

Before: "The salesman told the audience about his products."
After: "The salesman promoted his products to the audience."

The last two examples demonstrate the lack of clear distinction between strong and weak verbs. There is nothing in the dictionary that will tell you that promoted sounds stronger than told. It is largely a matter of how much meaning the word contains. Promoted has a more precise and nuanced meaning than told.

You can certainly develop a strong eye for these subtle issues, but active writing is an area where professional editing can make a substantial difference.

Change these sentences from passive voice to active voice, or note if no change should be made.

1. He was given too many chances to start over by his friends.

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2. She was instructed to remain seated by her teacher.

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3. Their efforts were obstructed by brilliant defensive strategy.

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4. The machine was started by the operator on time.

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5. The door was shut by the angry mother.

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